Several viruses are known to infect other aphid species. An unrelated viral sequence called Aphis glycines virus 1 (AGV1), isolated from soybean aphid, has been deposited in GenBank (accession number KF360262), but whether this RNA actually infects soybean aphid has not been reported. Only a recently discovered novel RNA virus, Aphis glycines virus 2 (AGV2), is known to replicate in soybean aphid ( Liu et al. These viruses do not replicate in the aphid.
1991), and (inefficiently) Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) ( Damsteegt et al. In addition to this damage, the soybean aphid is a vector of, among others, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) ( Bol 2003), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) ( Jayaram et al. 2003) and produces sugar-rich honeydew, which makes plants sticky, difficult to handle, and fosters growth of sooty mold that further reduces yield. It damages plants directly ( Macedo et al. $3.6 billion annually in losses and control costs ( Kim et al. The soybean aphid has been estimated to cost up to U.S. Populations of soybean aphid increase rapidly, causing heavy infestations that lead to significant yield loss. The soybean aphid, endemic in China, arrived in the Midwestern United States in 2000, where it quickly became the dominant insect pest of soybean ( Ragsdale et al. Thus, here we determine viromes of soybean aphid ( Aphis glycines) from four geographically distinct locations. To begin to understand this complex interplay between plant and aphid viromes, it is essential to know which viruses are present in aphids. 1981 Mowry 1994) or benefit ( Belliure et al. 2014 Donaldson and Gratton 2007 Fiebig et al. Moreover, plant viruses can either hinder ( Cassone et al. 1981 Laubscher and von Wechmar 1992, 1993) and thus reduce damage to plants by aphid feeding or transmission of plant viruses. Aphid viruses can reduce aphid fecundity and lifespan ( D’Arcy et al. Plants serve as reservoirs (i.e., immobile vectors) for viruses that infect aphids ( Gildow and D’Arcy 1988). The aphid virome includes (i) insect viruses that infect aphids and possibly other insects, (ii) plant viruses that replicate only in plants but are transmitted by aphids, (iii) viruses that replicate in aphids and in plants, (iv) viruses of symbiotic and parasitic organisms in aphids, and (v) viruses that associate with aphids with no apparent biological role. Aphids are the most common vectors of plant viruses ( Ng and Falk 2006) thus, via its effects on the plant virome and on aphid fitness, the aphid virome affects the competitiveness of plants in natural and agricultural ecosystems ( Lacroix et al. The viral component of the plant phytobiome, the plant virome, is influenced heavily by insect vectors, as most plant viruses are transmitted by insects. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. This study provides a peek into the rapidly expanding, largely unexplored world of insect viromes that will provide valuable knowledge for future understanding of plant−virus−vector interactions.Ĭopyright © 2017 The Author(s).
This virus had not been reported previously in China or in soybean. Surprisingly, Cotton leafroll dwarf virus, a member of the genus Polerovirus, was found in soybean aphids from China, suggesting that the soybean aphid may be a vector of this virus. These include an abundant tetravirus-like virus and a virus distantly related to cileviruses of plants and negeviruses of insects. Genome sequences that represent two entirely new virus families were obtained. We also sequenced the genome of a new dicistrovirus, Big Sioux River virus, fragments of which had been found previously in honey bee. Most abundant were the picornavirus-like dicistroviruses Aphid lethal paralysis virus and Rhopalosiphum padi virus. Genomes isolated from viruses in soybean aphids collected at four sites revealed many viruses, and six complete or nearly complete genomes were assembled. To sample the soybean aphid virome, and to seek new viruses as potential biological control agents, we employed next-generation sequencing. Yet, little is known about aphid viromes, particularly that of the soybean aphid ( Aphis glycines), one of the most economically important pest insects of soybean. Plants and aphids exchange viruses regularly and efficiently thus, the plant virome is tightly linked with the aphid virome. The phytobiome includes not just cellular microorganisms, but also all viruses associated with plants: the virome.
0 kommentar(er)
